MONTREAL 鈥� If it鈥檚 daytime, odds are a lone box truck is cruising the streets between Toronto and Brampton, Ont., with no one behind the wheel.
Bristling with more than two dozen cameras, radars and "lidar" 鈥� a laser-based measurement of distance 鈥� the vehicle ferries groceries daily from an automated Loblaw Cos. Ltd. warehouse at a supermarket in Etobicoke to its headquarters 25 kilometres west of the city.
Sporting a purple logo, the truck is owned by Gatik Inc., an autonomous trucking firm based in California but with an office a 10-minute drive from the store.
鈥淲e鈥檝e been laying down very deep Canadian roots for five, six years now,鈥� said Rich Steiner, a spokesman for Gatik, which placed its first self-driving truck on a Canadian road for Loblaw in 2020.
Five of the company鈥檚 six Isuzu box trucks in Ontario haul goods from a Loblaw distribution facility to retailers on fixed routes in the Greater Toronto Area, all autonomously but with a safety driver on board.
Gatik is one of several companies vaulting Canada to the forefront of autonomous trucking, with self-steering haulers powered by domestic tech already on the road in Ontario and Texas 鈥� but questions around safety and regulations continue to pose problems for the nascent industry.
It鈥檚 not just satellite companies that are operating in Canada. Homegrown firms have staked out turf as well.
NuPort Robotics has partnered with Canadian Tire Corp. Ltd. on a pilot project that aims to move goods within a distribution centre north of Toronto.
There, a Volvo eighteen-wheeler undergoes testing on private roads as it learns to shuttle goods 鈥渓ike a taxi for cargo and rearranging containers,鈥� said chief executive Raghavender Sahdev. At least a half-dozen Nuport trucks are in the testing phase with customers in several provinces. It aims to start deploying them commercially on public streets within a couple of years, he said.
Waabi Innovation Inc. may be the jewel in Canada鈥檚 autonomous trucking crown. The artificial intelligence startup launched in Toronto four years ago, but already runs about a dozen autonomous trucks between the Dallas and Houston areas for Uber Freight, said founder Raquel Urtasun.
Backed by 200 employees and $375 million in funding from partners ranging from Uber and Nvidia to Volvo and Porsche, the company now finds itself in a race to commercially deploy the first driverless long-haul truck in Texas. It plans to do that near the end of the year, Urtasun said in an interview.
鈥淭he industry is ripe for this technology,鈥� said the CEO and University of Toronto computer science professor.
Robotic big rigs offer key advantages, proponents say.
Amid a driver shortage that Trucking HR Canada projects will top 40,000 per year by 2030, driverless vehicles slash labour needs for employers.
Autonomous trucks also tend to drive more efficiently. Fuel savings can reach up to 20 per cent, said Sahdev.
Meanwhile, the transport market to be tapped is massive. Revenues from road freight totalled US$987 billion in the United States in 2023, according to the American Trucking Association. More than half of U.S. states allow autonomous trucks on their roads 鈥� with a safety driver.
So far, Ontario is the only province to permit the practice, via a pilot program that regulates testing of self-driving cars, including those with no one on board.
Then there鈥檚 the persistent question of safety.
On the one hand, self-driving software is free from all-too-human flaws.
鈥淥ur robot trucks, they don鈥檛 get tired, they don鈥檛 get distracted,鈥� said Rich Steiner of Gatik.
Long-haul trucks mainly traverse highways, where the surprises and confusion furnished by crowded urban streetscapes, pedestrians and cyclists number far fewer.
On the other hand, automated vehicles harbour defects of their own.
In April 2022, an autonomous truck from then-San Diego-based startup TuSimple made a sharp left turn across a lane on an Arizona interstate highway, ramming into a concrete barrier. The company said its computer system and the safety driver were both responsible for the incident, which caused no injuries.
While self-driving vehicles are less likely to crash overall, they tend to fare worse than human-steered autos during lower light and left turns, according to an analysis last year in the peer-reviewed journal Nature.
Automated systems also struggle more to detect children and people with darker skin tones.
Meanwhile, snow and fog impede visual sensors just as they do human eyes, a particular concern in Canada.
So far, large autonomous trucks have avoided serious crashes, according to the U.S.-based Advocates for Highway Safety.
鈥淲hen you have hills, snow or ice ... if you鈥檙e a good (human) driver, you can adapt to that,鈥� said Sidney Givigi, a professor of robotics and machine learning at Queen鈥檚 University鈥檚 School of Computing. A self-driving car can also register weather information and react accordingly, 鈥渂ut it may not determine the best way to operate in these conditions."
鈥淪afety is a problem mostly in areas where you have these harsh environments,鈥� he said.
At Waabi, Urtasun thinks she鈥檚 found a solution.
Hers is the only company using what she calls AV 2.0, a generative AI system that allows it to 鈥渞eason鈥� rather than rely on preprogrammed responses that prove 鈥渂rittle鈥� and unscalable, she said.
Instead of clocking miles and burning gas on real-world roads to gather data, Waabi algorithms concoct countless scenarios to simulate problems and test the vehicle鈥檚 response.
Urtasun compared her model鈥檚 advances to ChatGPT鈥檚 leaps over traditional search engines.
鈥淭hat鈥檚 a very, very powerful approach that is more humanlike,鈥� Urtasun said on a video call, backed by a whiteboard crowded with equations. 鈥淚t chooses the safest action in a fraction of a second.鈥�
However, even proponents acknowledge there will be accidents. The question is whether robo-rigs will pose less of a risk than trucks with people at the helm.
鈥淚f you鈥檙e travelling at 45 miles per hour and a dog literally jumps out right in front of you, well, we can鈥檛 defy the laws of physics,鈥� Steiner said.
A sluggish regulatory environment marks a final obstacle.
鈥淐anada is not necessarily a country that moves really, really fast. And regulations are one of those things,鈥� Urtasun said.
Nonetheless, she thinks the presence of more self-driving 鈥� if not driverless 鈥� semis on Canadian roads is merely a matter of time.
鈥淔or me, self-driving is not just a problem I work on; it鈥檚 an obsession. It鈥檚 24-7 in my head.鈥�
This report by The Canadian Press was first published April 20, 2025.
Companies in this story: (TSX:L, TSX:CTC.A)
Christopher Reynolds, The Canadian Press
