WASHINGTON (AP) 鈥� President Donald Trump is again lashing out at three of his biggest irritants: foreign steel, foreign aluminum and Canada.
The Trump administration on Wednesday will effectively plaster 25% taxes 鈥� tariffs 鈥� on all steel and aluminum imports. The president said on Tuesday that the U.S. would on the two metals to 50% if they come from Canada 鈥� but pulled back on the threat by the afternoon after the province of Ontario suspended its plans for retaliatory tariffs.
The pain won鈥檛 just be felt by foreign steel and aluminum plants. The tariffs will likely that use the metals, such as automakers, construction firms and beverage makers that use cans. The threats to the economy have .
鈥淯nilateral tariffs will raise prices, cost American jobs, and strain alliances,鈥� Philip Luck and Evan Brown of the Center for Strategic and International Studies wrote in a report last month.
Trump is pressing tariffs from his first term
The latest tariffs are an amped-up replay from Trump鈥檚 first term.
In 2018, in an effort to protect American steelmakers from foreign competition, he imposed tariffs of 25% on foreign steel and 10% on aluminum, using a 1962 trade law to declare them a threat to U.S. national security.
The tariffs landed most heavily on American allies: Canada is the No. 1 supplier of foreign steel and accounts for more than half of aluminum exports to the United States. Mexico, Japan and South Korea are also major steel exporters to the U.S.
The president insists that steel imports are a threat to the very existence of the United States. 鈥淚f we don鈥檛 have, as an example, steel, and lots of other things, we don鈥檛 have a military and frankly we won鈥檛 have 鈥� we just won鈥檛 have a country very long,鈥� Trump said last week in his joint address to Congress.
His 2018 sanctions were gradually watered down.
Trump spared Canada and Mexico after they agreed to his demand for a revamped North American trade deal in 2020. For some U.S. trading partners, the tariffs were supplanted by import quotas. And the first Trump administration also allowed American companies to request exemptions from the tariffs if, for instance, they couldn鈥檛 find the steel they needed from domestic U.S. producers.
This time, Trump is closing those loopholes and raising the levy on aluminum to 25%.
He鈥檚 shown a willingness to go higher 鈥� as the apparently short-lived 50% tariffs on Canadian steel and aluminum suggest.
Trump was originally punching back at the government of Ontario for imposing a 25% surcharge on electricity sold to the United States, a move that was itself a response to Trump's tariff threats. After Trump said he'd hit the Canadians with a 50% metals tax, Ontario suspended its planned electricity surcharge. In response, White House trade adviser Peter Navarro said the U.S. would pull back on doubling the tariffs on Canadian steel and aluminum.
Expecting more of the same
Trump鈥檚 first-term steel and aluminum tariffs benefited American producers of the two metals, encouraging them to increase production. But the beneficiaries were relatively few: The U.S. steel industry, for instance, employs fewer than 150,000 people. Walmart alone has 1.6 million employees in the United States.
Moreover, economists have found, the gains to the steel and aluminum industries were more than offset by the cost they imposed on 鈥渄ownstream鈥欌�� manufacturers that use steel and aluminum. In 2021, production at such companies dropped by nearly $3.5 billion because of the tariffs, canceling out the $2.3 billion uptick in production that year by aluminum producers and steelmakers, the U.S. International Trade Commission found in 2023.
This time, 鈥渢here is no particular reason to think that the economics won鈥檛 be more of the same: small gains for the U.S. steel and aluminum producers and employees, but larger overall losses for the rest of U..S manufacturing,鈥欌�� said Christine McDaniel, research fellow at George Mason University鈥檚 Mercatus Center.
Taken by themselves, the metals tariffs are unlikely to do much damage to the nearly $30 trillion U.S. economy. 鈥淪teel and aluminum 鈥� they鈥檙e just a drop in the ocean,鈥欌�� said Satyam Panday, chief U.S. and Canada economist at S&P Global Ratings.
But Trump isn鈥檛 just hitting steel and aluminum. He鈥檚 slapped 20% tariffs on all Chinese imports. He鈥檚 set to hammer all Canadian and Mexican products with 25% taxes next month, while limiting the tariff on Canadian energy to 10% 鈥� moves he has twice postponed with 30-day reprieves. And he has an ambitious and complicated plan to impose 鈥渞eciprocal tariffs,鈥欌�� raising U.S. import taxes to match those of countries that impose higher levies on American products.
The scope and unpredictability of Trump鈥檚 tariff agenda threatens to rekindle inflation and to slow growth by discouraging companies from making investments until the trade tensions have eased. 鈥淚f you鈥檙e an executive in the board room, are you really going to tell your board it鈥檚 the time to expand that assembly line?鈥� said John Murphy, senior vice president at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.
US steelmakers raise prices
U.S. steelmakers can step up production to offset lost imports. They can also raise prices 鈥� and have already started, putting U.S. companies that use American steel at a disadvantage to competitors who get theirs elsewhere.
U.S. steel was priced at $854 per metric ton as of Feb. 24, considerably higher than the average world export price of $488, according to Steel Benchmarker.
Aluminum is a different story. The United States has just four aluminum smelters and only two of them were fully operating last year. Increasing U.S. smelter production would require 鈥渆nough power for a small city,鈥� S&P Global said in a report last week.
Trump鈥檚 steel and aluminum tariffs quickly drew retaliation. The European Union . The EU measures will cover U.S. imports worth around $28 billion (26 billion euros) and include not only steel and aluminum but textile, home appliances and farm products. Motorcycles, bourbon, peanut butter and jeans will also be hit, as they were during Trump鈥檚 first term.
Canada plans to impose retaliatory tariffs on almost $21 billion (nearly Canadian $30 billion) of U.S. exports, a senior Canadian government official said Wednesday. The official wasn鈥檛 authorized to speak before the announcement and spoke on the condition of anonymity.
Contending with angry Canadians
Critics say Trump鈥檚 metals tariffs are hitting the wrong target.
China is widely seen as a source of the world steel industry鈥檚 problems. Chinese overproduction, heavily subsidized by Beijing, has flooded the world with steel and kept prices low, hurting steelmakers in the United States and elsewhere.
But the U.S. already uses trade barriers to keep out most Chinese steel. China accounted for less than 2% of U.S. steel imports last year, according to the American Iron and Steel Institute. 鈥淚nstead of focusing on the real issue 鈥� China鈥檚 market-distorting policies 鈥� the United States risks entangling itself in tariff disputes with its closest allies,鈥欌�� wrote Luck and Brown at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Meanwhile, companies that use steel are already feeling the pain.
Steelport Knife Co. in Portland, Oregon, uses U.S. steel in its knives for home cooks and professional chefs. Last month, its American steel supplier, anticipating Trump鈥檚 tariffs, raised its price by 10%.
CEO Ron Khormaei says Steelport鈥檚 Japanese and German competitors are benefiting. 鈥淚t鈥檚 cheaper for them,鈥欌�� he said. Khormaei says his small company 鈥� it has 12 employees 鈥� will lose business if it raises prices. So he鈥檚 doing everything he can to cut costs 鈥� keeping inventories tight, for example, and limiting travel to trade shows.
And he鈥檚 facing another problem. 鈥淐anadians are mad at us,鈥欌�� he said.
Khormaei said that one of his Canadian customers just cancelled an order by email: 鈥淭hank you. We love your product. We are not buying.鈥欌��
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Rob Gillies in Toronto contributed to this story.
Paul Wiseman And Josh Boak, The Associated Press
